Exploration of the trait analysis for trait synchrony.
Parameters: environmental correction is TRUE.
Check all hypotheses between traits and environmental drivers, and among traits
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| SLA | ++ | D |
|
NA |
|
NA | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | 0.0000313 | ✅ | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | ✅ |
| Seed_mass | – | D |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.37 | -0.52 - -0.22 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.16 | -0.21 | -0.28 | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | ✅ |
| LDMC | – | D | Tougher = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.38 | -0.53 - -0.23 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.40 | -0.43 | -0.02 | -0.36 | -0.51 - -0.21 | ✅ |
| LeafN | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | 0.49 | 0.35 - 0.63 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| LeafP | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
NA | 0.56 | 0.42 - 0.69 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.39 - 0.66 | ✅ |
| Root_tissue_density | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Bergmann et al. 2020 | -0.22 | -0.38 - -0.06 | 0.0119654 | ✅ | -0.26 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.27 | -0.42 - -0.11 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.05 | -0.11 - 0.21 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | -0.23 | 0.07 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.18 - 0.48 | 0.0001175 | ✅ | 0.53 | 0.23 | -0.12 | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | ✅ |
| Ah_BodySize | +/- | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.24 | -0.39 - -0.08 | 0.0074773 | B | -0.30 | -0.29 | 0.02 | -0.26 | -0.42 - -0.1 | B |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.44 | 0.29 - 0.58 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.13 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Ah_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.38 | 0.23 - 0.53 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | ✅ |
| Bats | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Generations | ++ | I | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.61 | 0.49 - 0.74 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.61 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.4 - 0.68 | ✅ |
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.05 | -0.21 - 0.11 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.10 | -0.06 - 0.26 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.20 | 0.05 | -0.04 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Birds (insectivorous) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.28 | -0.46 - -0.1 | 0.0060429 | ✅ | -0.24 | -0.32 | -0.03 | -0.25 | -0.41 - -0.09 | ✅ |
| Ah_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.18 | -0.01 - 0.36 | 0.1060903 | Inconclusive | -0.04 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.15 | -0.01 - 0.32 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.02 | -0.2 - 0.17 | 0.8792400 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | 0.06 | -0.16 | -0.09 | -0.28 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_Size | ++ | NA | more = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.26 | 0.1 - 0.42 | 0.0031663 | ✅ | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.16 - 0.47 | ✅ |
| Bi_Incub | ++ | NA | more = disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.14 | -0.02 - 0.3 | 0.1459274 | Inconclusive | 0.30 | 0.12 | -0.09 | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | ✔ |
| Butterflies | ||||||||||||||||
| Bi_TOffsprings | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | -0.14 | -0.3 - 0.02 | 0.1449167 | Inconclusive | -0.33 | -0.14 | 0.12 | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_GenLength | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.22 | 0.06 - 0.38 | 0.0133480 | ❌ | 0.34 | 0.19 | -0.05 | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.42 | ❌ |
| Bi_AgeMax | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.26 | 0.1 - 0.41 | 0.0042065 | ❌ | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ❌ |
| but_flight | ++ | NA | Early emergence favorable bc disturbance starts early | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.41 | 0.27 - 0.56 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.53 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_GenYear | ++ | NA | High reproduction can compensate mortality due to disturbance | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.19 | 0.02 - 0.35 | 0.0429267 | ✅ | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | ✅ |
| Collembola | ||||||||||||||||
| but_hibernation | ++ | NA | Later hibernation stage means butterflies ready before disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.38 | 0.23 - 0.53 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_Size | ++ | NA | Larger wings = more dispersal | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.13 | 0.7896000 | Inconclusive | -0.05 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.03 | Inconclusive |
| but_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | High nutrients = low plant diversity, hence more generalists | NA | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.43 | 0.0024022 | ✅ | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| col_Sex | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | 0.8792400 | Inconclusive | -0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.17 | Inconclusive |
| Microbes | ||||||||||||||||
| col_Gen_per_Year | ++ | NA | Furca = escape disturbance | NA | NA | NA | -0.11 | -0.27 - 0.06 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | -0.07 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.08 | Inconclusive |
| col_Depth | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | 0.7932959 | Inconclusive | 0.00 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.18 - 0.16 | Inconclusive |
| col_Size | – | NA | a/ more resources or b/ selected | NA | NA | NA | 0.05 | -0.12 - 0.22 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | -0.22 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.21 | Inconclusive |
| mites_DaysAdult | – | NA | longer lifespan = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.23 - 0.11 | 0.6075830 | Inconclusive | -0.10 | -0.16 | 0.05 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Mass | – | NA | Mass = size = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.17 | -0.34 - -0.01 | 0.0730850 | ✔ | -0.09 | -0.21 | -0.09 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Mites | ||||||||||||||||
| mites_Sex | – | I | Habitat openness = sexual repro, more LUI = more growth | NA | NA | NA | 0.02 | -0.15 - 0.19 | 0.8569040 | Inconclusive | 0.09 | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Hab_spec | ++ | NA | more disturbance = more in the soil | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.13 | 0.7023176 | Inconclusive | -0.18 | -0.09 | 0.10 | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Feed_spec | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.10 | -0.06 - 0.27 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.14 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.12 | -0.04 - 0.29 | Inconclusive |
| P_patho | ++ | NA | More bacteria = more bacterivores | NA | NA | NA | 0.49 | 0.35 - 0.63 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.46 | 0.32 - 0.61 | ✅ |
| Pb_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.20 | -0.36 - -0.04 | 0.0266815 | ✅ | -0.36 | -0.13 | 0.03 | -0.27 | -0.43 - -0.11 | ✅ |
| Plants (AG) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ps_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.44 | -0.58 - -0.29 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.11 | -0.39 | -0.31 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | ✅ |
| mic_FB | – | D and I | Fungi slower than bacteria, linked to slow plant traits | NA | Fungi dominate in low-nutrient soils; associated with slow plants | de Vries et al. 2006, de Vries et al. 2012, Boeddinghaus et al. 2019 | -0.37 | -0.52 - -0.22 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.22 | -0.37 | -0.18 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | ✅ |
| mic_Fpathotroph | ++ | NA | Fast= more parasites | check https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23605-y | Fast plant invest less in defenses, so more pathogens | NA | 0.42 | 0.27 - 0.56 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ✅ |
| mic_O.C.ratio | – | NA | NA | NA |
|
Check Neff 2015, Ramirez 2010, Fierer 2012 | -0.23 | -0.38 - -0.07 | 0.0114230 | ✅ | 0.09 | -0.14 | -0.27 | -0.04 | -0.2 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mic_Bvolume | +/- | D | a/ small cells more efficient for diffusive uptake (-) OR b/ for a given substrate demand, large radius compensates low substrate concentrations | Westoby et al. 2021 | NA | NA | -0.45 | -0.59 - -0.3 | 0.0000000 | B | -0.19 | -0.31 | -0.28 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | B |
| Plants (BG) | ||||||||||||||||
| mic_Bgenome_size | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Leff et al. 2015; Konstantinidis (2004) | -0.30 | -0.46 - -0.15 | 0.0004147 | ✅ | -0.11 | -0.42 | -0.13 | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| Protists | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_mass | – | NA | Large more sensitive to disturbance BUT large less sensitive to urbanisation?? | Farneda et al. 2015, Moir et al. 2021 , Jung et al 2018 | NA | NA | -0.10 | -0.26 - 0.06 | 0.3160146 | Inconclusive | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | ✔ |
| Protists bacterivores | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_lifespan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.19 - 0.14 | 0.7932959 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.13 | -0.09 | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Protists predators | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_offspring | ++ | NA | opposite to size | NA | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5947589 | Inconclusive | -0.09 | 0.12 | -0.03 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants (AG) | ||||||||||||||||
| SLA | ++ | D |
|
NA |
|
NA | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | 0.0000313 | ✅ | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.5 | ✅ |
| Seed_mass | – | D |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.37 | -0.52 - -0.22 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.16 | -0.21 | -0.28 | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | ✅ |
| LDMC | – | D | Tougher = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.38 | -0.53 - -0.23 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.40 | -0.43 | -0.02 | -0.36 | -0.51 - -0.21 | ✅ |
| LeafN | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | 0.49 | 0.35 - 0.63 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | ✅ |
| LeafP | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
NA | 0.56 | 0.42 - 0.69 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.39 - 0.66 | ✅ |
| Plants (BG) | ||||||||||||||||
| Root_tissue_density | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Bergmann et al. 2020 | -0.22 | -0.38 - -0.06 | 0.0119654 | ✅ | -0.26 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.27 | -0.42 - -0.11 | ✅ |
## [1] "Plants, All"
## Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'car':
## method from
## influence.merMod lme4
## cooks.distance.influence.merMod lme4
## dfbeta.influence.merMod lme4
## dfbetas.influence.merMod lme4
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbes | ||||||||||||||||
| mic_FB | – | D and I | Fungi slower than bacteria, linked to slow plant traits | NA | Fungi dominate in low-nutrient soils; associated with slow plants | de Vries et al. 2006, de Vries et al. 2012, Boeddinghaus et al. 2019 | -0.37 | -0.52 - -0.22 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.22 | -0.37 | -0.18 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | ✅ |
| mic_Fpathotroph | ++ | NA | Fast= more parasites | check https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23605-y | Fast plant invest less in defenses, so more pathogens | NA | 0.42 | 0.27 - 0.56 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ✅ |
| mic_O.C.ratio | – | NA | NA | NA |
|
Check Neff 2015, Ramirez 2010, Fierer 2012 | -0.23 | -0.38 - -0.07 | 0.0114230 | ✅ | 0.09 | -0.14 | -0.27 | -0.04 | -0.2 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mic_Bvolume | +/- | D | a/ small cells more efficient for diffusive uptake (-) OR b/ for a given substrate demand, large radius compensates low substrate concentrations | Westoby et al. 2021 | NA | NA | -0.45 | -0.59 - -0.3 | 0.0000000 | B | -0.19 | -0.31 | -0.28 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | B |
| mic_Bgenome_size | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Leff et al. 2015; Konstantinidis (2004) | -0.30 | -0.46 - -0.15 | 0.0004147 | ✅ | -0.11 | -0.42 | -0.13 | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.05 | -0.11 - 0.21 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | -0.23 | 0.07 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.18 - 0.48 | 0.0001175 | ✅ | 0.53 | 0.23 | -0.12 | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | ✅ |
| Ah_BodySize | +/- | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.24 | -0.39 - -0.08 | 0.0074773 | B | -0.30 | -0.29 | 0.02 | -0.26 | -0.42 - -0.1 | B |
| Ah_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.44 | 0.29 - 0.58 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.13 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.38 | 0.23 - 0.53 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | ✅ |
| Ah_Generations | ++ | I | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.61 | 0.49 - 0.74 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.61 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.4 - 0.68 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.05 | -0.21 - 0.11 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.10 | -0.06 - 0.26 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.20 | 0.05 | -0.04 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.28 | -0.46 - -0.1 | 0.0060429 | ✅ | -0.24 | -0.32 | -0.03 | -0.25 | -0.41 - -0.09 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.18 | -0.01 - 0.36 | 0.1060903 | Inconclusive | -0.04 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.15 | -0.01 - 0.32 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.02 | -0.2 - 0.17 | 0.8792400 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | 0.06 | -0.16 | -0.09 | -0.28 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butterflies | ||||||||||||||||
| but_flight | ++ | NA | Early emergence favorable bc disturbance starts early | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.41 | 0.27 - 0.56 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.53 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_GenYear | ++ | NA | High reproduction can compensate mortality due to disturbance | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.19 | 0.02 - 0.35 | 0.0429267 | ✅ | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | ✅ |
| but_hibernation | ++ | NA | Later hibernation stage means butterflies ready before disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.38 | 0.23 - 0.53 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.09 - 0.41 | ✅ |
| but_Size | ++ | NA | Larger wings = more dispersal | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.13 | 0.7896000 | Inconclusive | -0.05 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.03 | Inconclusive |
| but_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | High nutrients = low plant diversity, hence more generalists | NA | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.43 | 0.0024022 | ✅ | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.05 | -0.11 - 0.21 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | -0.23 | 0.07 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.25 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.18 - 0.48 | 0.0001175 | ✅ | 0.53 | 0.23 | -0.12 | 0.32 | 0.17 - 0.48 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.05 | -0.21 - 0.11 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.17 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.10 | -0.06 - 0.26 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.20 | 0.05 | -0.04 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protists | ||||||||||||||||
| P_patho | ++ | NA | More bacteria = more bacterivores | NA | NA | NA | 0.49 | 0.35 - 0.63 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.46 | 0.32 - 0.61 | ✅ |
| Protists bacterivores | ||||||||||||||||
| Pb_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.20 | -0.36 - -0.04 | 0.0266815 | ✅ | -0.36 | -0.13 | 0.03 | -0.27 | -0.43 - -0.11 | ✅ |
| Protists predators | ||||||||||||||||
| Ps_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.44 | -0.58 - -0.29 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.11 | -0.39 | -0.31 | -0.31 | -0.46 - -0.15 | ✅ |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birds (insectivorous) | ||||||||||||||||
| Bi_Size | ++ | NA | more = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.26 | 0.1 - 0.42 | 0.0031663 | ✅ | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.16 - 0.47 | ✅ |
| Bi_Incub | ++ | NA | more = disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.14 | -0.02 - 0.3 | 0.1459274 | Inconclusive | 0.30 | 0.12 | -0.09 | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | ✔ |
| Bi_TOffsprings | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | -0.14 | -0.3 - 0.02 | 0.1449167 | Inconclusive | -0.33 | -0.14 | 0.12 | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_GenLength | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.22 | 0.06 - 0.38 | 0.0133480 | ❌ | 0.34 | 0.19 | -0.05 | 0.27 | 0.11 - 0.42 | ❌ |
| Bi_AgeMax | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.26 | 0.1 - 0.41 | 0.0042065 | ❌ | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ❌ |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mites | ||||||||||||||||
| mites_DaysAdult | – | NA | longer lifespan = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.23 - 0.11 | 0.6075830 | Inconclusive | -0.10 | -0.16 | 0.05 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.12 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Mass | – | NA | Mass = size = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.17 | -0.34 - -0.01 | 0.0730850 | ✔ | -0.09 | -0.21 | -0.09 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Sex | – | I | Habitat openness = sexual repro, more LUI = more growth | NA | NA | NA | 0.02 | -0.15 - 0.19 | 0.8569040 | Inconclusive | 0.09 | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Hab_spec | ++ | NA | more disturbance = more in the soil | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.13 | 0.7023176 | Inconclusive | -0.18 | -0.09 | 0.10 | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Feed_spec | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.10 | -0.06 - 0.27 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.14 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.12 | -0.04 - 0.29 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collembola | ||||||||||||||||
| col_Sex | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.18 | 0.8792400 | Inconclusive | -0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 | -0.16 - 0.17 | Inconclusive |
| col_Gen_per_Year | ++ | NA | Furca = escape disturbance | NA | NA | NA | -0.11 | -0.27 - 0.06 | 0.3099788 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | -0.07 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.08 | Inconclusive |
| col_Depth | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | 0.7932959 | Inconclusive | 0.00 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.18 - 0.16 | Inconclusive |
| col_Size | – | NA | a/ more resources or b/ selected | NA | NA | NA | 0.05 | -0.12 - 0.22 | 0.6465438 | Inconclusive | -0.22 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.21 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bats | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_mass | – | NA | Large more sensitive to disturbance BUT large less sensitive to urbanisation?? | Farneda et al. 2015, Moir et al. 2021 , Jung et al 2018 | NA | NA | -0.10 | -0.26 - 0.06 | 0.3160146 | Inconclusive | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | ✔ |
| bat_lifespan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.03 | -0.19 - 0.14 | 0.7932959 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.13 | -0.09 | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| bat_offspring | ++ | NA | opposite to size | NA | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5947589 | Inconclusive | -0.09 | 0.12 | -0.03 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0.01 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: PCA_pca$ind$coord[, 1] and env_data_lui[Plot %in% dd$Plot, ]$LUI
## t = 12.614, df = 148, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.6324707 0.7890214
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 0.7197753
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 1.000 0.000 0.142 2441.121
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 20 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 40
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 120 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 12.602
## Degrees of freedom 4
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.013
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Standard
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## plant ~
## LUI 0.579 0.077 7.505 0.000 0.579 0.565
## Protists_patho ~
## LUI 0.335 0.093 3.589 0.000 0.335 0.325
## plant 0.324 0.091 3.566 0.000 0.324 0.323
## Microbes ~
## LUI 0.300 0.082 3.659 0.000 0.300 0.302
## plant 0.431 0.080 5.397 0.000 0.431 0.446
## Protists_bact ~
## LUI 0.282 0.112 2.510 0.012 0.282 0.289
## plant 0.108 0.115 0.940 0.347 0.108 0.114
## Microbes -0.332 0.113 -2.925 0.003 -0.332 -0.337
## Protists_patho 0.077 0.100 0.771 0.441 0.077 0.081
## Protists_sec ~
## LUI 0.184 0.100 1.835 0.066 0.184 0.200
## Protists_bact -0.023 0.080 -0.288 0.773 -0.023 -0.024
## plant 0.158 0.101 1.570 0.116 0.158 0.176
## Microbes 0.166 0.102 1.619 0.105 0.166 0.178
## Protists_patho 0.043 0.087 0.492 0.622 0.043 0.048
## Mites ~
## LUI 0.026 0.119 0.220 0.826 0.026 0.027
## plant 0.179 0.119 1.505 0.132 0.179 0.187
## Microbes 0.204 0.121 1.693 0.090 0.204 0.207
## Protists_sec -0.111 0.107 -1.043 0.297 -0.111 -0.105
## Protists_bact 0.000 0.093 0.005 0.996 0.000 0.000
## Protists_patho -0.196 0.102 -1.926 0.054 -0.196 -0.205
## Coll ~
## LUI 0.023 0.122 0.189 0.850 0.023 0.023
## Microbes -0.286 0.124 -2.301 0.021 -0.286 -0.286
## plant 0.175 0.122 1.430 0.153 0.175 0.181
## Protists_sec -0.059 0.110 -0.539 0.590 -0.059 -0.055
## Protists_bact -0.062 0.096 -0.649 0.516 -0.062 -0.061
## Protists_patho 0.057 0.105 0.547 0.584 0.057 0.060
## Arth_omnicarni_below ~
## LUI 0.166 0.114 1.463 0.143 0.166 0.172
## Mites 0.097 0.092 1.065 0.287 0.097 0.099
## Coll -0.061 0.088 -0.697 0.486 -0.061 -0.063
## Protists_sec -0.076 0.107 -0.708 0.479 -0.076 -0.072
## plant -0.061 0.113 -0.540 0.589 -0.061 -0.065
## Protists_patho 0.030 0.104 0.292 0.771 0.030 0.032
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .plant 0.762 0.098 7.746 0.000 0.762 0.681
## .Protists_patho 0.756 0.098 7.746 0.000 0.756 0.671
## .Microbes 0.583 0.075 7.746 0.000 0.583 0.557
## .Protists_bact 0.900 0.116 7.746 0.000 0.900 0.889
## .Protists_sec 0.684 0.088 7.746 0.000 0.684 0.755
## .Mites 0.931 0.120 7.746 0.000 0.931 0.910
## .Coll 0.986 0.127 7.746 0.000 0.986 0.946
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.958 0.124 7.746 0.000 0.958 0.962
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 20 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 36
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 120 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 17.112
## Degrees of freedom 8
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.029
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Standard
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## plant ~
## LUI 0.579 0.077 7.505 0.000 0.579 0.565
## Protists_patho ~
## LUI 0.334 0.093 3.583 0.000 0.334 0.325
## plant 0.325 0.091 3.579 0.000 0.325 0.324
## Microbes ~
## LUI 0.300 0.082 3.659 0.000 0.300 0.302
## plant 0.431 0.080 5.397 0.000 0.431 0.446
## Protists_bact ~
## LUI 0.300 0.107 2.789 0.005 0.300 0.309
## plant 0.122 0.111 1.100 0.271 0.122 0.129
## Microbes -0.306 0.114 -2.689 0.007 -0.306 -0.312
## Protists_sec ~
## LUI 0.194 0.097 2.005 0.045 0.194 0.210
## plant 0.166 0.097 1.707 0.088 0.166 0.184
## Microbes 0.181 0.102 1.776 0.076 0.181 0.194
## Protists_bact -0.020 0.079 -0.257 0.797 -0.020 -0.021
## Mites ~
## LUI -0.014 0.116 -0.124 0.901 -0.014 -0.015
## plant 0.147 0.116 1.265 0.206 0.147 0.155
## Microbes 0.136 0.122 1.114 0.265 0.136 0.138
## Protists_sec -0.119 0.108 -1.107 0.268 -0.119 -0.113
## Protists_bact -0.011 0.094 -0.119 0.905 -0.011 -0.011
## Coll ~
## LUI 0.035 0.118 0.296 0.767 0.035 0.035
## plant 0.184 0.118 1.563 0.118 0.184 0.192
## Microbes -0.266 0.124 -2.144 0.032 -0.266 -0.267
## Protists_bact -0.059 0.095 -0.614 0.539 -0.059 -0.058
## Protists_sec -0.057 0.110 -0.516 0.606 -0.057 -0.053
## Arth_omnicarni_below ~
## LUI 0.146 0.098 1.487 0.137 0.146 0.151
## Mites 0.091 0.090 1.018 0.309 0.091 0.092
## Coll -0.063 0.088 -0.720 0.472 -0.063 -0.065
## Protists_sec -0.087 0.104 -0.841 0.400 -0.087 -0.083
## Protists_bact 0.027 0.092 0.292 0.770 0.027 0.027
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .Protists_patho ~~
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.023 0.078 0.299 0.765 0.023 0.027
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .plant 0.762 0.098 7.746 0.000 0.762 0.681
## .Protists_patho 0.756 0.098 7.746 0.000 0.756 0.671
## .Microbes 0.583 0.075 7.746 0.000 0.583 0.557
## .Protists_bact 0.904 0.117 7.746 0.000 0.904 0.902
## .Protists_sec 0.685 0.088 7.746 0.000 0.685 0.754
## .Mites 0.957 0.124 7.746 0.000 0.957 0.949
## .Coll 0.988 0.128 7.746 0.000 0.988 0.954
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.960 0.124 7.746 0.000 0.960 0.963
## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.956 0.097 0.162 2696.762
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 1.000 0.000 0.085 3236.381
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
##
## Attaching package: 'scales'
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
##
## discard
## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
##
## col_factor
## The following object is masked from 'package:viridis':
##
## viridis_pal
## Scale for 'size' is already present. Adding another scale for 'size', which
## will replace the existing scale.
##
## Attaching package: 'fishmethods'
## The following object is masked from 'package:lavaan':
##
## growth
## [1] 0.27922532 0.07263083
## Run above-ground model, full model
## `set.seed(1)` was used to initialize repeatable random subsampling.
## Please record this for your records so others can reproduce.
## Try `set.seed(1); .Random.seed` for the full vector
## ...
## 50OTUs were removed because they are no longer
## present in any sample after random subsampling
## ...
## `set.seed(1)` was used to initialize repeatable random subsampling.
## Please record this for your records so others can reproduce.
## Try `set.seed(1); .Random.seed` for the full vector
## ...
## 11288OTUs were removed because they are no longer
## present in any sample after random subsampling
## ...
## [1] 496
## [1] 496
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
## quartz_off_screen
## 2
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: Dim.1_all and Dim.1_fun
## t = 10.424, df = 148, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5475120 0.7343626
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 0.6506796
## Start: AIC=-26.89
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_all
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 122.08 -26.891
## - Dim.1_all 1 89.64 211.72 53.696
## Start: AIC=8.5
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_mic
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 154.57 8.502
## - Dim.1_mic 1 57.152 211.72 53.696
## Start: AIC=8.77
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_plants
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 154.84 8.767
## - Dim.1_plants 1 56.879 211.72 53.696
## Start: AIC=34.29
## Dim.1_fun ~ multidiv
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 183.57 34.291
## - multidiv 1 28.156 211.72 53.696
## Start: AIC=-4.18
## Dim.1_fun ~ LUI
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 142.04 -4.177
## - LUI 1 69.681 211.72 53.696
## Model Estimate (sd)
## 1 Functions slow-fast ~ entire community slow-fast 0.43 (0.04)
## 2 Functions slow-fast ~ plants slow-fast 0.34 (0.05)
## 3 Functions slow-fast ~ bacteria and fungi slow-fast -0.43 (0.06)
## 4 Functions slow-fast ~ LUI 0.68 (0.08)
## 5 Functions slow-fast ~ taxonomic multidiversity -0.43 (0.09)
## Pval R2 adj.P
## 1 2.01590737777387e-19 0.42 1.007954e-18
## 2 1.09474690131295e-11 0.26 1.368434e-11
## 3 9.58238936868961e-12 0.27 1.368434e-11
## 4 1.67387903688761e-14 0.32 4.184698e-14
## 5 4.4768570590818e-06 0.13 4.476857e-06
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 16 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 5
##
## Number of observations 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 0.000
## Degrees of freedom 0
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Bootstrap
## Number of requested bootstrap draws 1000
## Number of successful bootstrap draws 1000
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## Dim.1_fun ~
## LUI (d) 0.261 0.094 2.772 0.006
## Dim.1_all (a) 0.323 0.053 6.073 0.000
## Dim.1_all ~
## LUI (b) 1.312 0.106 12.352 0.000
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## .Dim.1_fun 0.781 0.104 7.480 0.000
## .Dim.1_all 1.590 0.182 8.748 0.000
##
## Defined Parameters:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## indirect 0.423 0.079 5.373 0.000
## total 0.684 0.064 10.707 0.000
## diff 0.163 0.161 1.009 0.313
## quartz_off_screen
## 2